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Dermal absorption is influenced by many factors such as physicochemical properties of the substance, the vehicle, possible occlusion, substance concentration, the exposure pattern, or even skin particularities in different body parts ( EC, 2004).Ī vast number of studies in the past have compared in vitro and in vivo methods for measuring dermal absorption. Upon contact with the skin, molecules penetrate into the dead stratum corneum and can subsequently reach the viable epidermis, the dermis, and the vascular network ( EC, 2004). Skin is a dynamic, living tissue as such, its absorption characteristics are susceptible to constant change. Skin is a multilayered biomembrane with particular absorption characteristics that respond differently to different substance classes.
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The assessment of dermal permeation is a primary procedure for evaluating a substance and classifying it as hazard, particularly in the cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries ( Cotovio et al., 2010). Although some procedures on conducting skin permeation studies are reported, no formal standardization is available ( EC, 2004, 2006 FDA, 1997). Changes in regulatory requirements and social views on animal testing have incremented the development of reliable alternative tests for predicting the skin absorption potential of new compounds and evaluating dermal permeability. Therefore, knowledge of dermal absorption phenomena is relevant for safety issues as well as therapeutic aspects.
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The main aim of skin absorption is the opportunity to deliver drug substances to the skin and to the systemic circulation ( Schaefer, Hansen, Schneider, Contreras, & Lehr, 2008). Skin absorption processes are useful to evaluate and understand safety aspects of chemicals, xenobiotics, and cosmetic formulations. Oliveira, in Concepts and Models for Drug Permeability Studies, 2016 3.8.1 Introduction